Contents 1 Conclusion 1.1 Claims of logic not falsifiable 1.2 ID is circular reasoning (Pending) 1.3 Misuse of metaphor 1.4 Samuel Butler 2 Claims of logic not Popper falsifiable 2.1 Natural selection as conjuring trick 2.2 Thermodynamics as Platonic abstraction 2.3 Acquisition Atheist and Expression YEC of attributes 2.4 Shannon's theorem of communication, not information 2.5 Differential reproductive success not used by Darwin 2.6 All of semantics function as metaphor 2.7 Elliot Sober 2.8 A physics equation isn't a tautology 2.9 Antony Flew's falsification test for God 2.10 Adaptation 2.10.1 Ns was metaphor for SoF 3 Pattern or design 3.1 Irreducible Functionality 3.2 Logical fallacies 3.2.1 Notes 3.2.2 Jerry Fodor 3.3 John Burroughs and Henry Osborn 3.4 James Hutton 3.5 Artificial selection or cultivation(Erasmus Darwin) 3.6 Random, non-random 3.7 Equivocation between tautologies 4 Notes 4.1 This is the point 4.2 Sentences have no meaning, they symbolically represent only an idea 5 Tautology 6 Axioms are tautological assertions 6.1 Natural selection, preservation, survival aren't tautologies 7 Tautology identification 8 Physics equations aren't tautologies 9 Aristotle's influence on Aquinas 9.1 Popper on natural selection 10 Tautologies from Aristotle, Empedocles, James Hutton and Henry F. Osborn 11 Tautologies through the ages 11.1 Tautological thinking in our culture 11.2 Natural selection as oxymoron 12 Talk Origins Tautology article 13 Identify tautology 14 Circular reasoning isn't a tautology 15 Creation.com and tautology 16 Darwin's 'Theory of Evolution' - what theory? 16.1 Buffon in a time machine to present age 17 Natural selection and Phlogiston theory 18 Wikipedia's Fitness article uses John Tyndall's interpetation of Democritus 19 What does Fitness mean? 20 Nature selects - pattern or design ? 21 Is a tautology true by definition? 21.1 Wikipedia's Neo-Empedoclians 21.2 Which version of natural selection with what concept? 22 From the Greeks to Darwin by Henry Osborn 23 Example of a tautological proposition 23.1 Irish Elk 23.2 Wikipedia natural selection Nov.2009 revision 23.3 Wikipedia's natural selection opening paragraph 23.4 Where did matter come from ? 23.5 Saying the same thing twice 24 Darwin on propositions which cannot be disputed 25 Darwin's definitions of Natural Selection 26 Natural selection 27 Lucretius 28 Democritus 29 Is survival of the fittest a tautology ? 30 Natural Selection or Natural Preservation ? 31 principle of divergence 32 What is the theory of evolution? 32.1 If natural selection is blind, why isn't it stupid? 32.2 Notes on Darwin 32.3 Links 33 Allan Orr 34 Later 34.1 Talk origins tautology section 34.2 Notes on Natural selection as used by authors

Conclusion

_{http://tautology.wikia.com/wiki/Category:TauTology lists all pages on this wiki and http://tautology.wikia.com/wiki/Special:Categories all categories}

... In the literal sense of the word, no doubt, Natural Selection₁₈₆₃ is a false term; .... - Charles Darwin , Quotations on Natural selection.

... the concept of natural selection is hopelessly confused .... David Berlinski

... if you scratch two biologists you will get two different definitions of natural selection.... - http://bloggingheads.tv/videos/2492, .....what is the intended meaning of natural selection?.... (Jerry Fodor)

....Probably the main lack that has been holding back any development of a general selection theory is lack of a clear concept of the general nature or meaning of “selection”.... Natural Selection Maximizes Fisher Information by Steven A. Frank http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0901/0901.3742v1.pdf

This wiki is an extension of the main http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric) article, the bulk of which I wrote. See Logical fallacies for a better exposition specifics on circular reasoning and tautologies, information that Wikipedia will not allow in the article. When the oxymoron Natural Selection ( purposeless purpose) isn't used as a metaphor (Preferential decision) or as contracted shorthand for Patrick Matthew's - acquisition of new attributes enacted via the natural means of competitive selection(Democritus atomism),scrutinization ,survival, accumulation, preservation or cultivation - (what Darwin actually meant with ns); its usage in a sentence turns the sentence into a meaningless sentence, inducing Newspeak Orwellian doublethink: the power of holding two contradictory beliefs and accepting both of them. (Natural selection was the metaphor for - natural means of Malthusian competitive preservation,selection in the struggle for life).

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This is in terms of the YEC Pattern or design premise and the book Tautological Oxymorons(John D. Brey) world view. Jesus Christ, antonymic Language incarnate, is our syntax cartographer who spoke the bounds of our grammar into existence 6000 years ago at the beginning of time. The composite integrity of Platonic antonymity is the nexus of our language and our being. It must form part of any syllogism in deriving the conclusion that God exists and Jesus Christ is his Son because language is the geometry of reality, the gauge of truth and isn't gradualistic, preventing infinite regress of antonymic science. It is this antonymic Pattern or design view that Richard Rorty stated Atheists must not allow theists to impose on them. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote ".... we shall not be rid of God, until we are rid of grammar....". John Wilkins stated that ordinary language with its innate volition doesn't allow for biological concepts to be discussed. By 'ordinary' he meant Platonic contrast language. Materialists are using volitionalistic antonymic language to express a world view, where will, volition or consciousness are illusions. Everything they say is self-refutational because they communicate using their volition and thus their statements are illusions(Mind or Matter).

The debates between ICR, AIG, Dembski's ID movement and atheists are doublethink grammar farces, a process of bastardizing syntax such as the non-metaphorical use of oxymorons and gargoyles like:".... ns does not cause an increase in information but only a decrease....". In acquiescing to the materialist's anti-Platonic language; AIG, ID'sts have become semiotic necromancers summoning dead tautologies(natural selection) in their shared abuse of syntax . Numb to the Orwellian essence of their - natural(purposeless) selection(purpose) - they engage in verbal crucifixion of the Logos by destroying the authentic linguistic intercourse that regenerates Christ's linguistic Body. Syntax has a symbiotic relationship to facts and relates subject(what is inside of us) to object(external world). Dawkins abrogated syntax to his anti-Platonism in The God delusion by using a 'was' instead of a 'were not' to negate the historical fact stated by Charles Kingsley that society went from non-random(God) to randomness(absolute empire of accident) after OoS. See Purpose1.

Our language with its innate volition constructs sentences as a Composite Integrity or indissoluble association of syntax,semantics and grammar, predicated on Platonic primary binary contrasts. It is this truth about language that Richard Dawkins Orwelian Newspeak (The God delusion) denies, using syntax that negates Platonic opposites(Nietzsche Platonic inversion) framed within the Logical fallacy of retrospective determination. His hyperbole(... grindingly , creakingly ,crashingly...) is inversely proportional to falsifiability of his narrative. Professing himself to be part of the "brights" he has become a Tautological Oxymoron his mental traffic La brea tar pitted into a Münchhausen infinite suspension of judgement . The Münchhausen Trilemma, one of the Unsolved problems in philosophy, proposes that any world view reduces ultimately to the choice between unprovable axiomatic assumptions or infinite regress of language,reasoning,logic and metaphor and not the choice between empiricism / unfalsifiability. For example the statement: "....I only accept scientific evidence ...." is itself not testable or scientific. The major premise of YEC is God's sufficient condition of unfalsifiability to avoid Münchhausian infinite regress. All of logic and reasoning is an attempt to avoid infinitism and not unfalsifiability. On the Wikipedia rhetorial tautology article I wrote "....The view that we are to reject God's existence due to the lack of empirical evidence needs to explain where the empirical evidence for the underlying antonymic assumption in the proposition itself is....". http://forums.philosophyforums.com/threads/empiricism-vs-faith-how-one-cannot-be-both-empirical-and-faithful-41069.html states:"....anything beyond Empiricism is worthless to the advancement of the species....." The very sentence assumes unfalsifiable antonymity and is therefore self-refuting.

The nature of logical necessity is Platonic antonymic unfalsifiability, without it we would not be able to describe empiricisms in terms of cause/effect. We can be no more "scientific" ourselves than we can be calibrated between a zero and span, the only thing that we are is composite atonymic integrity. Atheists and ID theorists asserting that they are scientific are formulating meaningless concepts. Scientists are confusing their descriptions of nature with an explanation of nature itself. When God the Father stated "... I am that I am...." he meant: I am that I am because I have no Münchhausen Trilemian explanation. God the Father is therefore not falsifiable in his essence. Antony Flew falsification test for God. If this were not so, it would raise the question as to how a Münchhausen infinite regress of tests on a falsifiable God are to be avoided. A testable God would raise the question as to how such test in turn would be testable, inducing infinitism. Therefore falsifiability is a subset of unfalsifiability which avoids infinite regress of testability. God isn't scientific because he established science, preventing infinite regress of science(empiricism). If God were to be scientific , he wouldn't be God- if his existence could be proven he wouldn't be God.

The IC concept of Composite Integrity or Irreducible Functionality can't develop gradually because God did not develop gradually - God is unscientific antonymic composite integrity(Behe's IC or Chomsky's innate universal grammar). IC like God has no explanation, it is not an empirical concept but an unfalsifiable logical antonymic necessity facilitating the ratiocination about empiricisms. This was condensed on Wikipedia to the Fleeming Jenkin's observation that numbers - which can't itself be measured - enable the reasoned explication about measurements. If numbers themselves could be measured then it would induce an infinite regress of measurements. Constantly having to phrase my YEC views in a way that the article does not come across as overtly supporting YEC - which is my intent - is difficult because my grammar in not very good. The Wikipedia editors won't allow overt YEC ideas sadly.

Darwin recognized Behe's IC or Thompson's CI principle in Aristotle's description of the formation of teeth and objected to it by formulating a claim of logic from which he concluded that the acquisition of attributes realized gradually from the premise that the present attributes in organisms weren't in the distant ancestors. D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's Composite Integrity or IC traces back to Kant, Alexander Pope and Aristotle. The IC principle(revived by Behe) was recognized by Darwin in Aristotle's theory of the spontaneous - PunkEek - generation of teeth as opposed to its gradual formation, which was Darwin's position. His rhetorical questions on "...half a wing..." with the Victorian demeanor of the time, was not a championing of Irreducible Functionality or IC but an acknowledgement of the concept so as to counter it with gradualism, a position held by the surgeon John Hunter and presently by Richard Dawkins.

What is conceivable and what is not, what makes sense and what does not, depends on the rules of language, of grammar himself Jesus Christ the son of God. This process of trying to get rid of grammar traces back to the Age of Enlightenment and accelerated with the oxymoron Natural Selection. Wittgenstein's thesis was that our investigation is a grammatical one. Such an investigation sheds light on our problem by clearing misunderstandings away. The origins debate is one of inference as opposed to observation and thus careful delineation of the premises is required. A rock falling is an observation, gravity is the inference. Wittgenstein's puts forth the view that conceptual confusions surrounding the philosophy of language use are at the root of most philosophical problems. See falsification. In his work Philosophical investigations he reduces his work to linguistic analysis. In Platonic primary binary opposition to Chomsky's innate language theory is Skinner's behaviorism or Darwinian gradualism. Paley's watchmaker analogy makes no sense within the Nietzsche premise of Platonic inversion: it is predicated on the assumption of Platonic primary binary contrasts. Any logical system must assume things known to be true but that will never be able to be proven , hemmed in by a Godelian Wall.

George Gilder reviewed Berlinski's book in terms of Platonic opposites: concept precedes the concrete, the algorithm preceding the computer, the DNA word preceding the flesh, and theory preceding experiment. The irony is that while these authors deny a 6000 year old earth, the very language they use derives from Genesis (first chapter) and Revelation(last chapter). (Berlinski might be a secret Jewish YEC). Because the universal mechanism - Life1 - responsible for creatures being aware of themselves isn't defined, materialists have opted to turn the grammatical gargoyle - Natural Selection - into some sort of universal mechanism(much like d/dx is a universal operator),which is just as implausible as a single differential equation explaining all of physics(David Berlinski). It is as irrelevant to the Life1 mechanism as Xerxes dalliance with Artemisia over the sinking of a Calyndian trireme.

The non-Platonic premise turns language into a Semantic marshmallow that implodes into a wormhole of Aristotle type meaningless sentences. Aristotle's works were translated and copied in the Middle-East, filtered through a culture of cognitive puerility and dissonance of declamation , these copies were introduced to Europe in the 13th century_citations? helping Aquinas merge Aristotle's metaphysics and logical incoherence into Catholic Eucharist mysticism. 2They can't reconcile the mathematical abstractions(Biomimetics) with what they claim to study(biology or Life1) but can't define: Life1 itself.

Biologists can't define this universal mechanism, like they can't define the essence of magnetism,matter and energy. They can't provide the formula to create our own creatures(aware of themselves). Thus the biologists having no theory , no means to define the universal mechanism Life1 , opted to incorporate universal claims of logic from Greek Philosophy. Under the rubric of ns we have claims of logic ,Gould 2002 stated that Natural Selection is logical.

John Wilkins asserted: "...If natural selection _were_ a tautology, that would mean it had to be true..." , ".... natural selection is both true by definition and also observed in the real world ....." , " ...... If Ray Martinez wonders why I said NS is true by definition, it is..."

Claims of logic not falsifiable

See Peter Nyikos (professor of math) By the precepts of empiricism the claims of logic are not Popper falsifiable, no opposite can be formulated and you can't experience(observation,smell, sight touch) a logical validity. Those who don't understand this are therefore frustrated that so many can't see the logic of Natural Selection such as Daniel Dennett. Hopes Dennett would reply to Jerry Fodor's LRB article - Why Pigs don't have wings - with the serenity of a contemplating logician were dashed instead with the oratorical flair of man outraged that the logic of Natural Selection could be questioned. By the precepts of falsificationism any conclusion which derives from a rhetorical tautology is a non-sequitur as I explained on the Wikipedia rhetorical tautology article. Dennett describes natural selection as unifying space,time - everything .... claims of logic are a universal principle, it is the supportive scaffolding we assume in all domains by logical necessity. universal principles must not be confused with a universal mechanism. The http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/tautology.html talk.origins article attempts at dealing with their befuddlement over the tautological status of natural selection vacillates between the fallacy of innocence by association and the erroneous assertion that physics equations are rhetorical tautologies. It also confuses a synonym with a metaphor: natural selection the term was the metaphor for the phrase Survival of the fittest, which in turn was the shorthand for the full concept described by Herbert Spencer in his writings.

But this survival of the fittest, implies multiplication of the fittest. Out of the fittest thus multiplied, there will, as before be an overthrowing of the moving equilibrium wherever it presents the least opposing force to the new incident force. And by the continual destruction of the individuals that are the least capable of maintaining their equilibria in presence of this new incident force, there must eventuallv be arrived at an altered type completely in equilibrium with the altered conditions. The Principles of Biology By Herbert Spencer

Samuel Butler, Charles Hodge and Fleeming Jenkin's concluded with their keen sense of perception that Darwin's mode of reasoning is to derive conclusions in such a way that it can neither be refuted nor verified. Popper defined this type or reasoning as untestable(unfalsifiability).

Jerry Coyne asserts that ns decides who the winners and losers are, much like Mars the god of war favored the Roman state over the Germanic losers.

The Christians who refused to burn incense to the Roman gods were persecuted because the gods could withdraw their favor. Today Christians in their senior year of medicine are also expected to burn incense and bow their knees and confess the Adaptation premise before the government ordained high priests of competitionist mythology(OriginOfSpeciesAsMyth), namely that the present attributes in organisms weren't there in the distant past, with the conclusion that the information and attributes had to be acquired as expressed in the present. The proposed mechanism by which the acquisition of attributes accumulated either gradually or PunkEek - natural means of competitive preservation(Natural Selection) - turned out to be a claim of logic , (Tautology Journals). Since the conclusion doesn't derive logically from the premise because the actual mechanism - Life1 isn't defined - the premise is merely restated as the conclusion and is thus a circular argument which is not the same thing as tautology.

Both Aristotle and Darwin had the same premise and both rephrased Empedocles and Democritus claims of logic in an attempt at deriving their acquisition of attributes conclusion. Both their tautological claims of logic incorporated a difference in perception of scale commensurate with their acceptance or rejection of Irreducible Functionality. Darwinian gradualism and Aristotelian spontaneous generation(PunkEek) confuses the issues as it deals with a perception of scale and not the mechanism.

Claims of logic which can't be empirically experienced and was substituted for the lack of an empirical mechanism that would have glued the conclusion to the premise in such a way that circular reasoning is avoided. For the Adaptation world view to derive logically from their premise it must describe the Life mechanism,something which is not defined in terms of materialism.

Aristotle's PunkEek(Irreducible Functionality) conclusion was derived from the claim of logic that those constituted would be preserved and those not constituted perish. This same rhetorical trope can be found in the works of Empedocles, Democritus, Lucretius and Epicurus. It is this rhetorical tautological logical fallacy in Greek philosophy that is reformulated using dissimilar terms in the writings of materialists such as Buchner, Fodor, John Wilkins, Michael Ruse , Richard Dawkins, Dennette etc.

The main aim of the Scholastic _{http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholasticism} theologians was to use Aristotle's precise technical terms and logical system to investigate theology, with negative consequences because they were unable to identify Aristotle's rhetorical tautologies and so was Darwin. Clement, Origin incorporated Greek philosphy(Plato) into Christianity.

Influenced by Democritus, Aristotle's Logical fallacies Jerome , Augustine of Hippo and Aquinas denied free will in one form or another and thus enforced infant baptism.

Denying free will is in reality a form of Atheism, William Provine does not believe there is any free will. They incorporated Aristotle, Lucretius claims of logicinto Christianity and with it the rationalization for perpetuating the Roman Caesars cruelty on Jews and the true Christians who rejected infant baptism. Democritus and Aristotle believed the universe existed for eternity and thus Augustine denied the plain scriptural reading that the universe was made 6000 years ago. Constantine who secretly worshiped the Sun god perpetuated the Roman Caesar political control, enforcing infant baptism and severe persecution for those who objected to this imposition because it undermined the political unity.

Previously the open worship of Mars the god war was required for political unity - every inhabitant of the Roman empire had to perform rituals to the Pagan gods binding them in a common allegiance to Rome. The http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestal_Virgin cult became the cult of worshipping Mary. Under Constantine these rituals became infant baptism, today the semantic ritual that all must confess was summarized by Ken Ham when he stated: I believe in Natural Selection. Richard Dawkins asserts that those who don't believe in ns are stupid,evil, wicked or insane. Contrast this to falsifiable physics equations where your unfalsifiable beliefs are irrelevant, only what can be falsifiably tested. A belief is defined as unfalsifiable, God the Father of our Lord Jesus, the Great I am that I am isn't falsifiable because it prevents infinite regress. Falsifiability is subset of unfalsifiability ,preventing infinite regress.

Richard Dawkins book the The God delusion has the premise that God's existance is improbable with the conclusion that he therefore doesn't exist. His arguments induces infinitism, therefore his conclusion didn't derive logically. Logicians concern themselves primarily with whether the conclusions derive logically form the premises, not whether the premises are correct or not. The YEC premise is that information like matter, is neither created nor destroyed but only expressed, as the Platonic contrast to the Adaptation or acquisition of information premise . Unix wasn't "created" but is an expression of the pre-existing innate algorithms in the mind of man. In terms of this premise "creation" is a dissimilar term for "information expression".

ID is circular reasoning (Pending)

http://www.discovery.org/a/2845 (this section is in progress, will expand later on it) "..... Intelligent design is a scientific inference based on empirical evidence, not on religious texts ......"

The ID premise is that God's existence is probable, but because it does not derive its conclusion that God or a Designer exists with reference to the Münchhausen Trilemma it restates its premise as the conclusion, despite the length and complexity of the arguments, reasoning in a circle.

Paul wrote that by faith(unfalsifiable) we understand that the heavens and earth were framed by the word of God and elsewhere that God's existence is plain to infer by what we can see(empirical). Thus Paul's analogous(ID) argument from design was the glue that binded the premise of God's unfalsifiable essence(faith) to the conclusion that he therefore most certainly does exist in such a way that the minor premise(God's existence is probable) isn't merely restated as the conclusion. The major premise is God's unfalsifiable antonymic essence, from this syllogism the the argment from design(ID) binds the minor premise to the conclusion that God does exist. If God weren't antonymic in his essence, we wouldn't be able to relate to him or discuss him since our mental processes are predicated on antonymic necessity. The conclusion is that if God exists, he must therefore by antonymic, outside of science and empiricism, from his declaration of unfalsifiable sufficiency: I am that I am. His antonymity is derived from Genesis 1(light/darkness) and last chapter Revelation - "... I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty....."

Dembski and Behe's ID doesn't have a similar type of syllogism, they took Paul's argument from design alone and then merely restated the premise as the conclusion - circular reasoning. When we look out the windows and see nature the inference is that a Designer such as God; his existence is probable.

Dawkins book The God delusion is also circular reasoning as explained elsewhere. Because either side is coming to the correct conclusion that God either exists or he doesn't , they have assumed that therefore their respective conclusion derived logically. It never occurred to the ID and Atheist side that they could come to the correct conclusion, but not logically. For the issue that logicians concern themselves with is whether the conclusion derives logically, not whether the premises are correct or not. The only exception to this would be if the premise is self-refutational such as the Nirvanic reductio ad-absurdum as I explained on the Wikipedia rhetorical tautology article. Dawkins invoked Nirvanism on p.114 of his book "The God delusion" with his assertion that the design/pattern dichotomy must not be assumed. The premise that God's existence is probable is at the very least not self-refutational because it assumes antonymic unfalsifiability(exists/non-existence) that prevents infinite regress of premises. (pending: addressing the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_designer article issue will be done in due time)

Misuse of metaphor

Patrick Matthew's letter to Darwin in 1871 he and other authors used Natural Selection(competitive preservation) as a metaphor. As time went on authors lost site of the fact that Natural Selection was the contracted shorthand for competitive preservation because literally it makes no sense(OoS 1863 ..false term..) so that today from http://www.uncommondescent.com , Aig, ICR ,Dawkins, college text books etc. the authors have no idea what they actually mean with the Oxymoron Natural Selection. They use it in a manner as if the concept was defined somewhere else, but can't tell exactly what this concept is nor how it could have allowed such authors to explain something they didn't know about(genes). Only full sentences can define a concept, natural selection is a term, not a sentence. Physics equations are sentences, for something to be a description it must at the very least be a sentence. Only after an agreed on concept has been defined could a term be used as a shorthand: this is not the case with the mainstream YEC apologetics movement(AIG, ICR), ID and Dawkins. From a financial money making perspective this is an ideal situation, because the unguarded reader also has no clue what he means with natural selection, allowing for endless books and conferences to be held. At http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/may/27/not-so-natural-selection/ Professor Lewontin from Harvard wrote: "... Nothing creates more misunderstanding of the results of scientific research than scientists’ use of metaphors. ...". http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/selection-units/ uses ".... unit of selection ...." What would a 'unit of selection' , 'unit of preservation' or 'unit of cultivation' be? Darwin used 'selection' as a dissimilar term for his preferred term 'preservation' as in the 'natural acquisition of attributes via the competitive Malthusian means of preservation in the struggle for life '.

Samuel Butler

My reading of Samuel Butler is that Darwin used the oxymoron Natural Selection to avoid being outed as plagiarizing Patrick Matthew's "natural means of competitive preservation" or "natural means of competitive(malthus) selection".

Samuel Butler determined that OoS used the same logical form as Lamarck, Zoonomia, Patrick Matthew and Butler determined that Darwin's book was tautological, but he couldn't nail it down to the term tautology like we can today. I quoted a passage from Butler's works on this issue and John Wilkins posted about this issue in blog post of his around 2009. Google for Samual Butler on http://www.evolvingthoughts.net/.

Darwin restated Democritus Atomism with the individual's characteristics propagating through populations much like Democritus individual atoms who were preserved out propagated the inferior atoms. Fleeming Jenkin then pointed out with the first or second edition of OoS that we observe a population reverting to the mean and not the acquisition of individual traits in the larger population. Darwin accepted this critique and changed his conclusion to changes in populations propagating instead of individuals. Because the structure of the Lamarck, Patrick Matthew, Erasmus Darwin(artificial cultivation), James Hutton arguments - which Darwin reformulated using Dissimilarterms - were unfalsifiable any conclusion whether correct or incorrect was a non-sequitur. Lamarck's conclusion of acquired characteristics never followed logically from his Adaptation premise because the rhetorical tautological form of his arguments were a fallacy. His conclusion was falsified with experimental discovery. Darwin's chance conclusion was convincingly falsified with the discovery of the complexity of the cell. Tautologies mean the conclusion , whatever it may be , doesn't follow logically. Whether the conclusion itself is correct or not must determined by some other means.

If cows were meant to produce beer instead of milk, would they still be a "success"(Differential reproductive success), for who is what a success? If fitness is a falsifiable concept then on what scale of porcine fitness would a pig with wheels mounted on ball bearings instead of trotters be. Darwin meant '...natural means of competitive enactment...' with '... natural selections acts ...'. He used acts in the pattern without a Purpose1 sense. In later texts authors wrote '.... natural selection operates ....' , using 'operates' as a synonym for 'acts' non-metaphorically because they didn't understand Darwin's intent, resulting in Meaningless sentences . In one of Darwin's letters he wrote that he should have used preservation instead of selection. See Prof. Burkhard on Natural selection as metaphor

AIG and ICR states that "... natural selection can't cause new genetic information...." and professer Humphrey defines natural selection as a conjuring trick(metaphorically probably). Wilkins states that natural selection is a "feedback process" and Kenneth Miller that ns is "blind" but presumably not stupid. Combing the concepts AIG is saying: " .... a feedback blind non-stupid conjuring trick can't metaphorically explain new genetic information ....." and take into account that Darwin didn't know about genes. Hence we have a preposterous language confused situation on our hands. Darwin himself is to blame for this because he plagiarized the natural means of competitive selection while reading Matthew's book on wood production from trees on the Beagle. The purpose of the Beagle trip was to secure trees and wood for the British fleet. Darwin used dissimilar terms to hide how he lifted his terms from previous authors such as Erasmus Darwin's Artificial Cultivation from Zoonomia, which he turned into Artificial selection. Darwin wasn't the only author who plagiarized in this manner Passages in Büchner's book on Materialism was a reformulation of Aristotle using dissimilar terms.

Even given eternity, a cell won't arise by itself(random pattern that only represents itself. Thus the only alternative from the YEC perspective is design(pattern that represents something other than itself), but not so with Epicurean Newspeak. From the theist perspective invoking a third option leads to the formulation of Meaningless sentences. This issue was debated in the thread Automated Selection_{add does non-random mean random thread} for two months on Usenet(talk.origins) with Dr. Howard Hershey.

A falsification test for evolution is to provide the formula for Life1 itself, the mechanical process of creating a tail wagging Basset aware of itself. With magnetism we can at least describe its effects mathematically, but we have no idea what is magnetism - The decline of the philosophical spirit . Neither do we know what energy is, we only describe its effects as the Platonic dichotomy, the tendence of energy Concentration to become Uniform in both closed and open systems. Energy, magnetism and gravity etc. are patterns that only represent themselves in contrast to a design which represents something other than itself. This leads to confusion between Pattern or designs where a thermodynamic(concentrate/uniformity) process is used in a design.(this argument is pending, see the differences in opinion between Granville Sewell Sewell and Scordova on http://www.uncommondescent.com second law of thermodynamics thread - they are both wrong and correct on points - they have no agreed on definition of what a design/pattern dichotomy is - Perry Marshall).

Claims of logic not Popper falsifiable

moved to claim of logic

Natural selection as conjuring trick

The phrase Natural Selection is a synonym for bad luck, misfortune, and getting the pointy end of the stick. It is empirically, that is, scientifically, meaningless, but it makes a pretty metaphor . It originated in a categorical error parading as an analogy. For the past 150 years, it has deluded unthinking simpletons into mistaking it for a real phenomenon, when it is nothing but a collective anthropomorphization of non-specified natural causes of mortality presented as a mystical, animist 'presence' possessing the intelligence and powers of descrimination necessary to make actual choices, i.e., 'selections'. As such it may be accurately summed up as a childish religious mystique, that is, as a superstition for the Godless -mturner' on the www.arn.org discussion board....

Chomsky stated that Natural Selection can't explain the origin of language. Atheist professor William Provine laments that YEC have ".... discovered our empty natural selection language...". Which begs the same question Jerry Fodor penned at LRB: what then is the intended meaning of natural selection? Nicholas Humphrey thinks that via Natural Selection as a conjurer his consciousness is a "conjuring trick". Because the sentence itself was made by his consciousness, the sentence itself is a conjuring trick! If he used conjuring trick metaphorically, would that make his consciousness then a metaphorical conjuring trick perhaps?

John Wilkins in a series of articles dealing with the natural selection tautology problem equivocates between logical necessities and falsifiable propositions and views ns as a descriptive schema. Jerry Fodor on his blogging heads podcast stated: "... if you scratch two biologists you will get two different definitions of natural selection...." - http://bloggingheads.tv/videos/2492

Samuel Butler showed that Darwin was a skilled plagiarizer. Darwin deftly changed Erasmus Darwin's Artificial Cultivation to Artificial Selection for example. Butler identified the tautological reasoning in OoS without using the term tautology. My own theory in this wiki is to show how Darwin used dissimilar terms such as selection, preservation(his preferred term) to reformulated Patrick Matthew's natural means of competitive selection (on Matthew's business card he stated he was the inventor of natural selection) in diverse ways. Matthew didn't invent anything but reformulated Lucretius, Aristotle, Democritus using dissimilar terms - Timeline of tautologies

Before Darwin the ToE was known as at the Doctrine of Derivation by Richard Owen. The premise of descent with modification through the ages from Anaxagoras, Lucretius, Democritus etc. had two basic but different views: Gradual Adaptation as opposed to spontaneous(Composite Integrity)(Aristotle and Empedocles) Adaptation. What the Greek philosophers(Timeline of tautologies) all had in common was the formulation of propositions using synonymous and dissimilar terms that refer to the same fact, guaranteeing the truth of their propositions which I defined on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_%28rhetoric%29 second paragraph as logical fallacious rhetorical tautological reasoning, which mustn't be confused with Tautological assertions or logical validities in propositional logic. This meant the Greek philosophers propositions were Popper unfalsifiable.

Thermodynamics as Platonic abstraction

Concentration/uniformity is the Platonic abstraction from which all of thermodynamics derive. The laws of thermodynamics describe the tendency of a concentrate of matter or energy to become uniform in both open and closed systems. (pending:Thermodynamic heat flow like gravity only represents itself. A design is a pattern that represents something other than itself-Perry Marshall)

Financial markets are bound by the dichotomy between certainty and uncertainty(contingency, probability). Information, like energy and matter can neither be created or destroyed, it is only expressed. Expressed is used here as the contrast to Adaptation. Careful consideration must be given to the difference between communication(reproduction of a signal) and Information, they are not the same. David Berlinski's observation that the concept of Natural Selection is hopelessly confused is because two different world views(Platonic and non-Platonic) are using the same semantics to express different meanings. Sentences have a structural ambiguity. There is nothing in the words themselves that will define what "... you have a green light means ..." - pragmatics. With oxymorons such as Natural Selection the world has entered their own type of Wittgensteinian private language away from Language himself Jesus Christ who is Alpha and Omega, the Author and Finisher of our faith.

From the KJV_{Bible isn't defined} YEC binary contrasts, all of semantics even Self-organization or the nebulous emergent can only be understood as a metaphor for the Platonic dichotomy between a pattern without a Purpose1 and pattern with a Purpose1, which Wikipedia defines as design. In terms of this premise there is no such thing as a "biological"_{get first dictionary date -1940?} meaning for selection, any such third option is a Meaningless sentence. The discussion as to why Natural Selection is non-random as opposed to random (http://forthesakeofscience.com/2008/10/25/why-natural-selection-is-not-random) results in Meaningless sentences because Natural Selection_{Purposeless purpose} is used literally_{dictionary 1850} instead of metaphorically.

Acquisition Atheist and Expression YEC of attributes

The slow gradual, acquisition of new attributes(Adaptation or Evolution ₈ Naming Conventions) enacted( no design sense) via the natural(unintentional) means of competitive(MalThus) selection, survival, accumulation,scrutinization preservation or cultivation(Erasmus Darwin) is a reformulation of Democritus Doctrine of Atoms(Henry Fairfield Osborn, using different terminology, as shown by Henry Osborn in his book From the Greeks to Darwin- http://www.archive.org/details/fromgreekstodarw00osborich.

Evolution ₈(acquisition of attributes) differs from Evolution ₉(YEC expression of attributes) as per Naming Conventions. Evolution₈ can be used as the Metaphor for atheism and Evolution₉ the metaphor for YEC.

Niche - Marc Tess, ecosystem, society, cognition, climate are dissimilar terms used to describe the same concept: your condition of existence, to which you are not adapted (Polar bear not adapted to anything) from the YEC premise. In the same way preservation, accumulation, enactment, survival, John Tyndall's and Herbert Spencer's Differential reproduction 1871 and selection etc. are dissimilar terms that can be used to express the MalThus competitionist mythology( OriginOfSpeciesAsMyth) as reformulated by Darwin. Wearing pink tassels(David Berlinski) and a polka dot hat our university professors tautologify Stanford tautologies their cause-effect descriptions with this mythology.

Shannon's theorem of communication, not information

moved to Information. _{Pending: Gould in his book 'Wonderful Life' confused a condition of existence and a location of existence}

Differential reproductive success not used by Darwin

Argument in progress - Aristotle would have phrased it as ... the spontaneous(sudden) acquisition of new attributes using limbs,eyes,shoulders lying around on the ground(Empedocles) via the natural(purposeless) means of spontaneous selection.... (This is Pending, will edit Aristotle later to provide citations. Aristotle understood that any functional system would be IC , or have D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's Composite Integrity or Irreducible Functionality, as seen from his comments on the formation of teeth; thus Aristotle's emphasis was spontaneous generation(selection) while Darwin was gradual acquisition enacted via competitive preservation,selection of parts incrementally that had to work, keeping the creature alive and not so much spontaneous generation. One could say Aristotle was more Punk-eek and Darwin gradual. This confuses the issues, because it deals with a perception of scale and not the mechanism _life1, if we assume the premise that creatures acquired new attributes whether instantaneously as IC would demand or gradually.)

All of semantics function as metaphor

CharlesKingsley and many other authors such as Duke of Argyle understood Natural Selection to be used as a Metaphor and not literally, as time progressed and history revisionism_JohnWilkins crept in authors began to use ns literally resulting in oxymoronic Meaningless sentences, which is worse than a tautology₃. All sorts of confusion has been created from Ken Ham, Dawkins to Dembski.

The most striking example is the error of explaining or refuting genes as a cybernetic abstraction in terms of the grammatical gargoyle_{DernavichInfidels} Natural Selection: Darwin didn't know about genes and like the definition of Life1 could not have solved a problem he couldn't define in terms of materialist premises. The question of how Darwin could have solved a problem he couldn't define goes back to Aristotle and the authors before him stating the competitionist _MalThus mythology. After quoting Aristotle Darwin wrote "... we can see here the principle of Natural Selection _{natural means of competitive selection} shadowed forth.

Quantum theory differs from Phlogiston theory, with natural selection we have the situation as if every theorem in physics were called Phlogiston theory, this is the type of situation biology_? is in, largely because the actual mechanism responsible for the mathematical constructs expressed physically in the gait of mammals(Biomimetics) , insects etc. isn't defined: Life1 itself.

In the absence of a definition of Life1, the Epicureans have opted to formulate Meaningless sentences that have been so successful that even Ken Ham says ".... I believe in Natural selection ....". Meaningless sentences formulated using oxymorons becomes the litmus test for YEC Christians: if you use meaningless sentences you are denying your faith in Christ. If you don't use Meaningless sentences you won't even be allowed to pass your first year at Bob Jones university where a mandatory course must be taken to "explain" how a Purposeless purpose (oxymoron) mechanism results in loss of genetic information, instead of an increase.

Artificial selection was lifted from Erasmus Darwin's Artificial Cultivation from Zoonomia - (Samuel Butler) a. AC/AS could be seen as the metaphor for: intended means of competitive selection,cultivation or preservation of desired traits.(this needs further citations - Tautology Notes) . As a semantic construct and term Natural Selection is an oxymoron and not a tautology, because Only sentences can be tautologies. Samuel Butler talk.origins post was the first to identify the tautological nature of the sentences that compact the oxymoron Natural Selection and that ns was the metaphor for SoF and not the other way around as Wikipedia revised history at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest.

Elliot Sober

Elliot Sober and JohnWilkins equivocates between tautologies₁ in propositional logic and rhetorical tautologies(which I defined on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_%28rhetoric%29 as arguments formulated in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed by using terms that refer to the same fact and cannot be disputed irrespective of their length or complexity).

The ID and Creationist movements in general are trying to refute or disprove Evolutionary theories. Since evolutionary theories are tautological, neither refutable nor verifiable, they can't be disproven or Popper falsified and thus are non-sequiturs. Which means they could still be correct,but for different reasons. Neither can Creationist YEC beliefs be falsified(in general, there are exceptions), but because the Word of God defines God as "....calling those things that be not as though they were..."(not falsifiable), the YEC does not contradict itself. Since Godels theorem shows we must assume something we cannot prove(unfalsifiable), the YEC position isn't therefore irrational.

Evolutionary theories reduces to: What happens, happens and therefore chance,design or whatever(anything you want). In Darwin's case his arbitrary non-sequitur conclusion was chance. Asserting that random chance will lead to genetic novelty as a stand-alone non-tautological proposition can be falsified and has been falsified.

With materialism design is ruled out apriori and chance is impossible , given the complexity of the cells, the proteome phase-space is too large ( ~2^400 ), too fragile ( E0~kt ) and too nucleation-dependent (hydrophobic core) to ever produce stable organisms, let-alone allow them to dissimulate - Bio-evolution lacks both a dynamic and an object.

The non-sequitur conclusion must be disassociated from the logically fallacious way in which the MalThus competitionist OriginOfSpeciesAsMyth premise was formulated, because tautologies(what happens, happens) can't be refuted or verified. If a conclusion is a non-sequitur, it doesn't mean that it necessarily is incorrect, but that it doesn't follow logically.

Argument in progress: In a sense one can define God as: He only accepts unfalsifiable constructs. Since God holds together the universe by his Word alone, he therefore only accepts that for which his only evidence is his Popper unfalsifiable faith. Therefore having faith which is the evidence for things not seen(unfalsifiable) isn't an irrational position to take for a child of God. (I am not sure about this argument, will mark as pending)

A physics equation isn't a tautology

Physics equations aren't tautologies(neither rhetorical or logical tautologies(Tautological assertions)), but the Wikipedia Epicureans have allowed my opening paragraph defining a rhetorical tautology₃ to remain, yet removed this argument from the main page. Let it therefore be known that they think that physics equations are tautologies, which would make one question their intellectual fortitude in this and other matters of logic.

Black darkness is a pleonasm. In a sentence : ...Black darkness covered the land..; it turns the sentence into a Tautological expression . http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_%28rhetoric%29 article confuses a rhetorical tautology with tautological expressions(pleonasm) which is used for a stylistic, poetic effect and not intended to guarantee the truth of the proposition. In the immortal words of Darwin himself(Oos): "... the truth of the propositions cannot be disputed...", hence his 'one long argument' isn't Popper falsifiable and allowed him to come to any arbitrary non-sequitur conclusion; which in Darwin's case was random chance. The chance arbitrary conclusion was eventually falsified, but not his preservation of favorable attributes via the natural means of competitive selection_{preservation,cultivation}(Matthew). This is a key issue that Ken Ham, Richard and the Discovery institute fails to comprehend or don't want to comprehend since it allows them to sell books surrounding the controversy. Phillip Johnson stated that there is ...nothing to discuss... if an argument reduces to an empty tautology₃.

Popper stated that the conventionalist changes the definitions when challenged on his theory. An example of this are the Wikipedia Atomist's arbitrary revisions to the main http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection article. Yearlong definitions from 2007,2009 etc. suddenly changed dramatically around 2011. A wiki entry here will be made later see http://www.evolutioncreationism.info/the-arbitrary-wikipedia-revisions-to-the-natural-selection-article. Walter Remine stated .... trying to nail down a definition of Natural Selection is like trying to pin down a flee in an urinal... and .... tautologies₃ are at their most dangerous when they go unnoticed, we must therefore plug in the definitions of the terms to unmask them ..... Compare http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Natural_selection to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection. See Wikipedia Natural Selection and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection

Antony Flew's falsification test for God

moved to Logical fallacies

Adaptation

The Adaptation(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation) premise is that the present attributes didn't previously exist in the ancestors but were acquired through Democritus Atomic competitiveness like mechanism restated by PatrickMatthew as natural means of competitive selection. Democritus premise was that atoms existed for eternity, meaning that he didn't have to explain where atoms came from in the first place.

Natural as Darwin used it should be seen as the metaphor(EpiCurus, Pierre Flourens) for unintended,chance,random - Charles Hodge. Note that in Preferential decision, natural was used as the metaphor for an intended decision(pattern with a purpose). Any term can be used as a metaphor to represent an idea in the Pattern or design or pattern without a purpose/ pattern with a purpose sense. With Erasmus Darwin's Artificial Cultivation, the selection of desirable traits was a pattern with a purpose. Erasmus AC is the channeling of repeating patterns.

With PatrickMatthew's natural(unintended) means of competitive selection the intended description was of a pattern without a purpose. The mistake made by Matthew was that the proposition was formulated in such a way that it could not be disputed , hence it was Popper unfalsifiable and actually a reformulation of Democritus Doctrine of Atoms - Tautology Notes, HenryFairfieldOsborn. Atomism is derived from the struggle theme found in ancient near eastern myths in which the cosmos emerged from a struggle between a god and a great sea monster, the god representing order and the sea monster representing chaos - OriginOfSpeciesAsMyth.

The struggle theme is Popper unfalsifiable because if the sea monster out competed the god, we would be told the same story. With the struggle theme our thinking entered an infinite regress (Tautology Culture) and theists were unable to point out the Logical fallacies before Popper and the concept of a Meaningless sentence from Chomsky. Empedocles, Democritus, Aristotle, Lucretius , EpiCurus etc. incorporated the mythology with creatures competing against one another.

Darwin perpetuated the error with his natural selection which he used to avoid giving credit to Matthew.

Dembski, Ken Ham, RichardDawkins Behe etc. are formulating Meaningless sentences such as ... Natural Selection reduces information, it does not increase information .... by using the oxymoron ns non-metaphorically. Information is a pattern with a purpose that represents something other than itself - Gitt, Pattern or design. (Add in section about how they also provide the Epicureans with a falsifiable construct, the whole point of this wiki is that EpiCurus, Aristotle ideas which Darwin restated aren't falsifiable)

Most researchers today insert a few odd jabs of Natural Selection in their journal papers after it has been written in order to get it published. According to PhilipSkell had they instead used Roger Rabbit, fruitcake or Aztec Cosmology, the core ideas would still be clear. The wordy terms evolution,selection add no clarity.

Natural Selection is a term and specifically not a sentence and thus as a term it can't be a tautology: Only sentences can be tautologies. As a term it can be used in a sentence with such saying the same thing twice. In most cases natural selection is an arbitrary piece of grammatical gargoyle(DernavichInfidels) tacked onto a tautological sentence with the author unable to specify whether he uses the term metaphorically or not.

Ns was metaphor for SoF

The term Ns was also used as the metaphor for the phrase SoF - http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Wallace_Letter_to_Darwin_on_natural_selection . Because ns is a term, Wallace was free to use it as a metaphor for SoF or anything else. Darwin's ideas were expressed using the term NS in terms of the Pattern or design contrast. The Wikipedia Epicureans reject this dichotomy, yet are using the same terminology as they revise history, interpreting in history in their world view and not the Pattern or design world view of a Victorian reader in 1859. JohnWilkins implied at http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/precursors/precursnatsel.html that Darwin used Survival of the Fittest as the metaphor for Natural Selection which is incorrect, it was the other way around.

Phrases and sentences can't be used as metaphor for terms, only terms can be used as metaphors for phrases(SoF) and sentences, because ideas can only be fully communicated without ambiguity with sentences. Dictionaries provides us with a roadmap of how terms are used, they document the literal meaning mostly and not metaphorical usage of words. Selection in a dictionary means to make a decision, when used metaphorically it need not have such meaning. This means that a sentence like ..... by the process of natural selection no new information arose .... isn't even wrong until the wielder of the terms defines his terminology.

What precisely is meant today with ns by various authors isn't clear (Tautology Journals). The mistake made by YEC, materialist and ID is to assign an actual meaning to a term: no term nor sentence has an actual meaning - Sentences have no meaning.

Words have no real affinity with thoughts. Wittgenstein came to see language as an irreducibly complex living grammar that enables us to represent our thoughts with words, but such words can never be tied to a thought because it would lead to an infinite regression of metaphors. George Pieczenik discovered palindromic sequences in genes, exhibiting grammar like rules - David Berlinski.

Terms and sentences we use today were forged before the Age of Enlightenment to express the Pattern or design world view, which today is rejected. This leads to conflicting interpretations of observations(Peppered Moth Pattern or Design). When a bird observers a peppered moth on a black tree instead of a black moth he is engaging in natural detection . An eagle spotting a white lizard on a black outcrop is performing natural detection.

Our observations are interpreted within a paradigm that either accepts or rejects Pattern or design dichotomy.

RichardDawkins stated in one of his books(get citation) that we must not assume that a pattern with a purpose and pattern without a purpose(Pattern or design) are our only options. This raises the question: what must we then assume and what about that which we assume will we never be able to prove as shown by Godel's incompleteness theorem? Rhetorical tautologies is one way of inducing infinite regression. Dawkins, rejecting the Pattern or design dichotomy and leaving the issue open ended risks inducing Infinite regression.

Pattern or design

moved to Pattern or design

Irreducible Functionality

moved to Irreducible Functionality and Pattern or design.

Logical fallacies

Logical flaws in the origins debate moved to Logical fallacies

Notes

Quotations on natural selection moved to Quotations on Natural selection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooled_by_Randomness

Nassim Taleb sets forth the idea that modern humans are often unaware of the existence of randomness. They tend to explain random outcomes as non-random.

This is a direct quote from Wikipedia.... where they specifically don't hyper-link 'non-random'. But when you place [[]] brackets around non-random to understand what the Epicureans mean with non-random it redirects to randomness.

Thus the sentence from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fooled_by_Randomness reduces to Newspeak:

Taleb sets forth the idea that modern humans are often unaware of the existence of randomness. They tend to explain random outcomes as http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness.

This is not what Taleb wrote. He wrote that we tend to explain random patterns that have no purpose as patterns with a purpose(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design). In order to understand what Taleb is writing we designate non-random as the semantic opposite of random and the use the term as such in full sentences. But in Wikipedian Newspeak non-random is the same thing as random. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pareidolia - the psychological phenomenon of perceiving a pattern with a purpose in randomness.

All creatures should be viewed as matter on which a mathematical construct was superimposed. Embryonic development is the physical manifestation of a topological mathematical abstraction. A chicken pivoting on two legs implements a neural control algorithm. This algorithm isn't the clumps of amino acids that form a gene, no more than the number two or three has a physical location.

The writer either has a meaning and cannot express it, or he inadvertently says something else, or he is almost indifferent as to whether his words mean anything or not. With a metaphor the aim is to call up a visual image. When these images clash, it can be taken as certain that the writer is not seeing a mental image of the objects he is naming; in other words he is not really thinking - Wallace Letter to Darwin on natural selection, George Orwell.

Natural Selection or Natural preservation historically was a metaphor for Survival of the Fittest and specifically not the other way around - JohnTyndall, 1872. Natural Selection the term is no more a tautology then Preferential decision is: only ideas can be tautological and such ideas must be expressed using full sentences to avoid ambiguity. When Natural Selection is used in a full sentence but not metaphorically, the sentence becomes a Meaningless sentence.

Selection as used by PatrickMatthew should be seen as a metaphor for survival, cultivation or preservation(Darwin's preferred term). Darwin's Artificial selection was actually a concept lifted from Erasmus Darwin's Artificial cultivation. Samuel Butler wrote that Matthew gave a condensed version of the writings of Erasmus, Buffon and Lamarck. He viewed Darwin's work as a skillful plagiarizing of these authors.

Darwin became increasingly exasperated when pressed by his correspondents over the pantheistic implications that his usage of 'natural selection' invoked, because he couldn't clearly state he used the term as a metaphor for Matthew's natural means of competitive selection(cultivation, preservation, survival). It would expose him as a fraud and not the originator of a new concept. - http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Milton_Wain_collection_of_pre_Darwin_authors , http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Darwin%27s_Predecessors .

The natural means of competitive selection should be seen as natural means of competitive survival as creature battle one another to dominate an ecological niche. Which is basically Democritus Atomism reformulated and extended. The battle between the atoms(non Life1) became the battle between the creatures(Life1). Democritus begged the question(Circular reasoning), he assumed that atoms obtained attributes that weren't previously there within his belief the universe had no beginning. He viewed that atoms gained attributes by dominating their ecological niche after triumphing over the weaker atom: this is Popper unfalsifiable because we would be told the same story in reverse, if the other atom triumphed.

natural means of competitive selection as an unfalsifiable proposition explain everything whether individual selection or Group selection. Dawkins objects to group selection.

Dawkins doesn't seem to understand that a competitive selection(survival) process, either natural or directed applies to individuals and groups. He is using 'natural selection' but can't seemingly decide if used as a metaphor and if a metaphor, for what exactly?

CharlesKingsley understood that 'natural selection' was the metaphorical term for the natural competition between animal or human races to dominate: http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-3426

.....That they should have died out, by simple natural selection, before the superior white race, you & I can easily understand......

CK proposed that mythological races, e.g., elves and dwarfs, were intermediate species between man and apes, and have become extinct by natural selection; i.e., by competition with a superior white race of man.

Darwin failed to clearly demarcate his ideas with the term 'selection', its strong volition lead to anthropomorphic overtones, leading to Wallace suggesting that Survival of the Fittest be used. Natural Selection from then on was used as a metaphor for SoF(JohnTyndall)- 1872 up until it seems 1899 when it was realized that SoF is a Tautological proposition. _{Citations for this will be added in due course - see http://groups.google.com/group/tautology-notes/browse_frm/thread/893c5f2ed581a310} .

After this period Natural Selection was used more and more as a stand-alone term, but because it is only a term and not a full sentence, it led to ambiguity as to what exactly is meant, leading to the formulation of Meaningless sentences turning the English language in particular, with its structural ambiguity and metaphorical ambiguity into a Newspeak Semantic marshmallow.

Jerry Fodor

Lets reformulate Jerry Fodor's question at LRB:

• .... what then is the intended meaning of Natural Selection...? Fodor original question.
• Reformulate: What then is the intended meaning of Natural Selection as a metaphor historically and today given our knowledge context pre-genes and post genes as a cybernetic abstraction.

Survival of the Fittest is an obvious Tautological proposition. Survival and fittest refer to the same fact, saying the same thing twice, making any conclusion a non-sequitur. Darwin used Natural Selection as a metaphor for PatrickMatthew's natural means of competitive selection the same way chemists use 'elective affinities' metaphorically. JohnTyndall used SoF as a shorthand for this. Epicureans are using semantics that have an innate volition to represent ideas devoid of volition. Neither Ken Ham nor RichardDawkins have a wiki paga to state whether they use the semantic object Natural Selection as a metaphor or not and in which knowledge context 1859, 1872(Tyndall) pre-genes or post genes.

The Epicureans attempts history revisionism by not defining what they intend with ns at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection. It states paraphrasing that '.... ns is the process by which things become more or less commmon....' and until the author defines what concept from which time era, historical and knowledge context he is referring to, he isn't even wrong. For example in the Preferential decision example, Natural Selection was used as a metaphor for making a preferential decision for cake over banana. Epicureans object by saying that Natural Selection doesn't mean this, which depends whether they use it as a metaphor or not.

The ns Wikipedia article states "...traits became more common...". Thus the premise is that the ancestors kf the polar bear didn't posses the attributes at present, this begs the question(Circular reasoning), since it is the very issue under dispute.

Polar bears are not adapted to anything, they only express their attributes. Wikipedia's ns article assumes that the polar bear acquired its attributes over generations via some mechanism it doesn't define - natural selection. (Is the term used as a metaphor or literally?) - Polar bear not adapted to anything.

Steel melts at 1500 and Copper at 800. Both steel and copper express their attribute: they are not adapted to anything. There never was a point in time where the melting point of steel wasn't 1500C. In the same way there never was a point in time where the ancestors of humans couldn't walk.

Editing the page and adding SoF in brackets after natural selection isn't allowed by the Wikipedia editors. They keep on insisting what natural selection isn't, yet never define what precisely it is then. What is this 'non-random' process by which things become more or less common? The process itself can't be the word phrase natural selection, natural selection the term can only be the agreed upon object to symbolically represent this process, not the process itself.

John Burroughs and Henry Osborn

• From 1872,1922(JohnBurroughs, HenryFairfieldOsborn) up until 1991 , 1993 around( journalist JerryAdler) , the term 'natural' was used to convey 'random accidents'. Natural selection and evolution were used interchangeably to refer to this chance process. After the ID movement Behe, Dembski demonstrated that even if one had all of eternity an amino acid won't arise via a process of accidents, the Epicureans prefixed natural selection with non-random, resulting in deepening Meaningless sentence because they insist that non-random doesn't mean directed - (see usenet Automated Selection thread).

James Hutton

http://bit.ly/ds42t - Darwin's ideas must be interpreted in terms of JamesHutton, Time line of tautological ideas and especially PatrickMatthew, his mistake was to contract Matthew's natural means of selection and natural competitive selection(natural means of competitive selection) to the syntactically or grammatically correct Natural Selection, but (Meaningless sentence). He did this to avoid giving credit to Matthew who used the terms in 1831. His Meaningless sentences made it difficult to detect the Popper unfalsifiable tautological ideas in OoS and cause-effect inversion (water doesn't cause corn to grow). Throughout OoS Darwin used dissimilar terms that refer to the same idea, saying the same thing twice, making any conclusion from such a non-sequitur - Tautological proposition, Nytimes natural selection, Tautologies In Economist, Tautology Culture

The following to be added as time allows:

• (_{genes not having the actual trig equation that describes the cockroach gait from Biomimetics, but should be seen as an interface to the abstract Language space where the math equation comes from(God and Christ)}.
• ( _{De Rerum Natura from Lucretius and the rebuttals to this around 1570} )

Artificial selection or cultivation(Erasmus Darwin)

Darwin's description of what he termed Artificial selection was an equivocation between correlation and causation or confusing correlation in patterns with cause. ( later date as time allows in terms of Tautology Culture, which needs revision).

The Rhetorical tautologys disguised the Circular reasoning(humans are not adapted for walking) with the fossils, which in turn was a side-effect of infusing the ancient Yin/Yang, God's slaying See monster, Thor, Zeus battles myth into our culture - OriginOfSpeciesAsMyth, too displace the Christian world view.

Irreducible Functionality, Composite Integrity or Interlocking Functionality and the Pattern or design dichotomy is proposed as a counter to the 150 years of wasted ink)(Fodor) under the rubric of Natural Selection.

Fodor though, compounded the problem by trying to assign some sort of actual meaning to Natural Selection, instead of viewing it as a Sokal Hoax type Meaningless sentence. Behold the reaction from Daniel Dennett who's thinking is so oxidized with the ns Meaningless sentence that he responded with oratorical outbursts rather then the serenity of a contemplating logician.

In the modern day evolutionary belief system non-random isn't considered the antonym of random, but a subset of random. Another formulation is " ..Design patterns are a subset of the universe of all patterns. Or, more briefly, design is a subset of pattern...."(HoWard1). Epicureans believe that purpose is a subset of non-purpose ajd reject the pattern/design dichotomy.

We have the following concepts represented with the objects non-random,random, pattern and Design (pattern with a purpose).

• non-random is the antonym of random by theists.
• non-random and design are subsets of random and pattern and specifically not the antonym of random(HoWard1), RichardDawkins.

Random, non-random

Many Epicureans, Evolutionists or Derivationists(Prof.Owen's Doctrine of Derivation) would neither agree nor disagree because they and the Wikipedia Aristotelians in particular refuse to allow an entry for non-random at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-random, it redirects to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random. In other words the Epicureans are busy with a form of Newspeak, trying to make language itself in a sense undefined by making non-random mean random. Yet, in other wikipedia pages such as [Clustering Illusion] non-random is used as a synonym for Design1.

In the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design article, an excellent definition of design is given: pattern with a purpose. With the implication that pattern with a purpose is the antonym of pattern without a purpose(random). Before Epicurean Newspeak this was considered the same as non-random the antonym of random, in discussing this at Talk.origins Usenet backspace, the Epicureans insist that this isn't so. They don't consider non-random to be the synonym of Design1(pattern with a purpose).

Pre RichardDawkins Newspeak, "Non" was a negative or antonymic prefix to provide random with a semantic opposite. All ideas are understood in terms of Pattern or designs antonyms and synonyms, not so in the Epicurean belief system with non-random/random dichotomy. They are invoking the Humpty Dumpty principle where they can make any word mean whatever they want to make it mean. Add section about using Natural Selection in the preferential decision making sense. Wikipedia revisions Natural selection article.

By flooding our culture,schools and universities with rhetorical tautologies(Tautology Culture), the Epicureans have made it difficult to detect their Newspeak and Circular reasoning. Tautologies and circular reasoning are not the same thing. Tautologies says the same thing twice, while circular reasoning assumes the premise in the conclusion.

Equivocation between tautologies

The various attempts at dealing with this resulted in equivocation between Tautological assertions, Tautological expressions and Tautological propositions - Tautology Journals and Tautology_Usenet#Pennock.

Only tautological propositions(rhetorical) are fallacious, not so with expressions(colloquial) and assertions(axioms). Some of the core ideas in this wiki was inserted into http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric), while navigating Epicurean flak and subterfuge.

" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric) ....A rhetorical tautology can also be defined as a series of statements that comprise an argument, whereby the statements are constructed in such a way that the truth of the proposition is guaranteed or that the truth of the proposition cannot be disputed by defining a term in terms of another ..."

This paragraph was strategically included because Darwin wrote in OoS: ... the truth of the propositions cannot be disputed ..... Falsifiable theories like Newton's inverse square law can always be disputed, not so with unfalsifiable facts. We after theories not facts or certainties - (physics equations aren't tautologies).

Notes

moved to Tautology notes1

This is the point

moved to Hutton, Matthew and Chomsky

Sentences have no meaning, they symbolically represent only an idea

moved to Sentences have no meaning

Tautology

Moved to Tautology notes1

Axioms are tautological assertions

Moved to Axioms are Tautological assertions

Natural selection, preservation, survival aren't tautologies

moved to Natural Selection

Tautology identification

moved to Physics equations aren't tautologies

Physics equations aren't tautologies

moved to Physics equations aren't tautologies

Aristotle's influence on Aquinas

moved to Aristotle

Popper on natural selection

Popper had a knack for seemingly agreeing with somebody but then really saying the person's theory is unfalsifiable as in his famous "recanting" that natural selection is a tautology₃ (Naming Conventions) and metaphysical research program. What he really did was throw the Aristotelians₃ a bone to shut-up and leave an old man alone, they couldn't grasp what he was saying, it went over their heads... Popper didn't really "recant". (If an experiment falsifies your position you amend your position - not "recant")

Tautologies from Aristotle, Empedocles, James Hutton and Henry F. Osborn

moved to Timeline of tautologies

Tautologies through the ages

moved to Timeline of tautologies

Tautological thinking in our culture

Moved to Tautology Culture

Natural selection as oxymoron

moved to Purposeless purpose

Talk Origins Tautology article

moved to DarwinNeverSaidDifferentialReproduction

Identify tautology

Identify the terms in a sentence or passage used in the pragmatics synonymous sense. Take any of these terms or words and reformulate the sentence as a question in terms of the other word. This will show whether the terms or words says the same thing twice. There is a difference between dictionary semantic synonyms and pragmatics synonyms because no word or sentence has a meaning: Only ideas have meaning.

A dictionary captures a certain idea in a context.. See http://www.evolvingthoughs.net for a blog post on this by Wilkins.

Circular reasoning isn't a tautology

moved to Logical fallacies.

Creation.com and tautology

Moved to Creation.com and tautology

Darwin's 'Theory of Evolution' - what theory?

moved to http://scratchpad.wikia.com/wiki/Theory_of_evolution

Buffon in a time machine to present age

moved to Buffon in time machine

Natural selection and Phlogiston theory

moved to Natural Selection

Wikipedia's Fitness article uses John Tyndall's interpetation of Democritus

moved to Survival of the Fittest

What does Fitness mean?

moved to Survival of the Fittest

Nature selects - pattern or design ?

moved to Pattern or design

Is a tautology true by definition?

moved to Natural Selection

Wikipedia's Neo-Empedoclians

moved to Natural Selection

Which version of natural selection with what concept?

moved to Natural Selection

From the Greeks to Darwin by Henry Osborn

moved to HenryFairfieldOsborn

Example of a tautological proposition

moved to Tautology Journals

Irish Elk

moved to Tautology Journals.

Wikipedia natural selection Nov.2009 revision

moved to Natural Selection

Wikipedia's natural selection opening paragraph

moved to Natural Selection

Where did matter come from ?

Neo-Aristotelians would say that "evolution" doesn't deal with this, which is an appeal to AbstractAuthority: Mr.Evoluton, Mr.Science and Mr.Religion don't exist, they don't say anything neither do they inhabit separate domains a mistake Gould makes with his NOMA(concept lifted from the writings of KarlMarx). Only a conscious being can say something or not deal with something, be religious or materialistic. The Neo-Empedoclians don't wish to deal with the question because the of the notion that their spiritual leader had about "atoms fighting each other". Empedoclian tautological thinking infused into our science, culture religion and politics. The entire premise of our society at large pivots on a battle-for-survival myth formulated in such a way that it cannot be disputed(Darwin's term). The mythology was arbitrarily associated with selection, adaptation , words given the atheistic premises of most isn't available to them as per DernavichInfidels

Saying the same thing twice

- merged with opening section

Darwin on propositions which cannot be disputed

moved to Natural Selection

Darwin's definitions of Natural Selection

moved to Natural Selection

Natural selection

moved to Natural Selection

Lucretius

moved to Lucretius

Democritus

moved to Democritus

Is survival of the fittest a tautology ?

Spencer got SurvivalOfTheFittest from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Reinhold_Treviranus, Buffon. Depends on who says SoF and in what context with what background knowledge and Pragmatics since a term only means what an individual intends it to mean. Try and contact Herbert Spencer and ask him two questions:

• Other than noting the species survived how was their fitness or suitability measured?
• Other than noting they were suitable how was their survivability measured?

Spencer sold over a million books, OoS was read by a person in 1860 with Spencer's ideas, today Spencer is hardly ever mentioned. From his writing with fitness he meant suitable, he was widely sited during the 19th century. As Darwin wrote:"..natural selection or survival of the fittest which is a better expression....." which to a read back then meant: "....survival of the most suitable is a better expression....." Today nobody knows what is meant with the word "fitness", what concept is being conveyed isn't clear. "Fitness" isn't a concept, but a means for signal sender to encode his particular concept within in his reference frame a 150 years after Spencer.

Natural Selection or Natural Preservation ?

moved to Natural Selection

principle of divergence

moved to Natural Selection

What is the theory of evolution?

moved to Natural Selection

If natural selection is blind, why isn't it stupid?

Moved to Natural Selection

Notes on Darwin

moved to Tautology notes1

Links

http://lofi.forum.physorg.com/Natural-Selection-is-Recursive_6572.html

http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Natural_selection

• Forum
• Episcopal church tautology
• Darwin metaphor
• William Lane Craig
• Speed of light
• Ken Ham
• Stevedoetsch
• John Jones
• Differential reproductive success
• Tom Campbell
• Theology
• Aristotle
• Ernst Mayr
• Bacterial resistance Resistance is an effect, not a cause. There is a cause effect inversion.
• Skeptic za org
• Simon Blackburn
• Samuel Butler
• Pandasthumb
• Henry Morris
• self-organization
• Wallace Letter to Darwin on natural selection
• preferential decision
• Biomimetics
• D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson Pending http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D'Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson
• Newspeak
• Creationwiki
• AristotleTautological , Tautology Journals , Tautology Usenet, Tautology Blogs , Tautology Notes
• Tautology Culture
• Memes1
• Ian Pollster Usenet
• Species Concept
• Robot1 analogy
• Tautology Equivocation , Gravity Past, Tautology Afrikaans Wikipedia
• About dot com , Chris Colby , Stephen Meyer , Jeffery Shallit
• Colorless green
• Bio-evolution lacks both a dynamic and an object
• Sean Pitman
• PZ Myers
• Phillip Johnson
• William R. Greg
• Darwin's Predecessors
• Irreducible Functionality Complexity is ambigious .
• Paul Janet Professor back in 1870
• Popper
• Maverick Philosopher
• Aristotle Metaphysics
• Milton Wain collection of pre Darwin authors
• Wikipedia Selection article
• Naming Conventions Back to the future or forward to the past.
• David Skjaerlund Traces back Evolution_x to ancient Egyptian, Babylonian or Sumerian religions.
• http://www.wireclub.com/Forums/ViewTopic.aspx?ParentId=834264&ForumId=647371 Democritus and materialism
• http://maverickphilosopher.typepad.com/maverick_philosopher/2010/01/it-is-what-it-is.html
• http://groups.google.com/group/alt.philosophy/browse_frm/thread/3ad8e23dc2d07d34/03e43d55c1ec3faa#03e43d55c1ec3faa
• http://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/
• http://www.pathlights.com/ce_encyclopedia/Encyclopedia/09nsel06.htm Tautology and circular reasoning. Note that a tautology isn't the same thing as circular reasoning.
• http://rightwingnews.com/2010/02/the-best-quotes-from-jonah-goldbergs-liberal-fascism/ The meanings and concepts with liberal were different a 100 years ago then today
• http://www.uncommondescent.com/evolution/functional-hierarchy Will comment on the natural selection usage later
• Charles Hodge 1874 What is Darwinism?
• Automated Selection
• Peppered Moth Pattern or Design Detection and selection can be used in either pattern or design sense
• http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Natural_selection
• Andrew Dickson White 1898 A history of the warfare of science with theology in Christendom.
• http://conservapedia.com/Natural_selection They equivocate between validities and falsifiable propositions. No scientific theory like Newtons inverse square law is ever a fact. Only logical unfalsifiable assertions are facts because we say they are.

• http://asktheatheist.rationalresponders.com/topic/perry_marshall begs the question and ns tautology mangling as usual.
• Eduard Zeller Stoics , Epicureans

Allan Orr

• http://bostonreview.net/BR21.3/Orr.html
• http://www.bostonreview.net/BR21.5/orr.html
• http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/papers/orr.htm Dennett replies
• http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=testing-natural-selection
• http://www.uncommondescent.com/intelligent-design/dennetts-strange-idea-is-a-bad-idea-for-recognizing-biological-function/

Later

http://groups.google.com/group/talk.origins/browse_frm/thread/ce69aa80b40c883d/b9305c130c6383c3?q=#b9305c130c6383c3 Tautologification of society. At university students are forced to provide a rhetorical tautological narrative of the world. Refusal to do so will lead to dismissal and failed grades. It allows the MIT, Harvard Epicureans to mold and shape their students world view, forcing them to come to conclusions which might be true but are non-sequiturs. There are no YEC at Harvard, a true Xtian will be expelled and one that graduates there will have his name removed from the book of Life by the Lord Jesus. We are in the same situation with the Epicureans 2000 years ago, they don't mind us going to church as long as we also engage in rhetorical tautological and truism thinking on Monday, using the phrase NS1.

During Roman times Xtians were burned alive by the Epicureans, our milksop laws prevent them from doing this to us today. But their tautological stranglehold over society and culture have become so strong that they excert powerful economic sanction against us. The early Christians paid with their lives back then , why should our fate as YEC be any different(economic ruin, losing your job, impossible to do biology courses)?

http://members.iinet.net.au/~sejones/PoE/pe04hist.html Epicurus

http://home.planet.nl/~gkorthof/korthof92.htm Creationism and its critics in Antiquity

http://www.hanrott.com/epicureanism/epicureanhistory.php Epicureanism after Epicurus

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1932236473/ref=cm_cr_asin_lnk

http://tomkow.typepad.com/tomkowcom/2010/04/darwin-and-his-defenders.html Analogy with presidential elections

Talk origins tautology section

http://www.talkorigins.org/sandbox/kwork/Ver4_tautology.html

http://groups.google.com/group/talk.origins/browse_frm/thread/1bd8a311d0211e87/9a2ecf1859da52dd?#9a2ecf1859da52dd

http://www.archive.org/stream/defenceofsincere00fulk/defenceofsincere00fulk_djvu.txt Vain repetition , tautology 1582 A.D. Cambridge press or

http://www.archive.org/details/defenceofsincere00fulk

Notes on Natural selection as used by authors

• WhatIsTheTheoryOfNaturalSelection
• Steven E. Jones Extensive notes on circular reasoning, natural selection etc.
• AristotlePragmatics , AcPragmatics , BushMen, AntonioLima , AltenBerg16
  
• Ian Inkster

ArunRajPragmatics , AnaxiMander , AlexanderVargas , AnswersGenesis
* AndrewArensburger, DagYoPragmatics , ChristopherDenneyPragmatics , CharlesBirch , CoryAlbrecht
* BecauseOfConvention , BeeSource , BenkeShet , BabylonDictionary ,BaronBodissey

• Doubting Thomas